IP address, or Internet Protocol address, is a unified address format provided by the IP protocol. It assigns a communication address to each network and each host on the Internet to shield the difference in physical addresses. Among them, IP addresses are divided into two categories: IPv4 and IPv6. Usually, the IP address we refer to is IPv4.
IPv4 ****
IPv4 is the first widely deployed version of the Internet communication protocol and has been used for more than 30 years. It is a connectionless protocol used to forward data on Ethernet links. The data forwarding of the IPv4 protocol does not guarantee that any data packet can be delivered to the destination, nor does it guarantee that all data packets arrive in the correct order without duplication. It is usually called "best effort" forwarding.
On the Internet, if a user wants to connect a computer to an IPv4 network, he or she needs to apply for an IP address from an Internet service provider. An IP address is composed of 32 bits of binary numbers, or 4 bytes, usually called dotted decimal notation, and is divided into two parts:
1. Network Number Field
Used to identify the network.
2. Host Number Field
Used to distinguish different hosts in the network. Devices with the same network number are in the same network regardless of their physical location.
During the communication process, the IPv4 protocol can locate the host through the above two fields: first find the network where the host is located according to the network number field, and then find the host through the host number field.
IPv6 ****
IPv6 is known as the next generation Internet protocol. In the early days of the Internet, the IPv4 protocol developed rapidly due to its simplicity, ease of implementation, and good interoperability. However, with the rapid development of the Internet, the shortcomings of IPv4 design have become increasingly apparent, the most important of which is the gradual exhaustion of IPv4 addresses. In order to solve a series of problems caused by the defects of the IPv4 protocol, IPv6 addresses came into being.
The most obvious difference between IPv6 and IPv4 protocols is the address. IPv6 addresses are divided into three types: unicast addresses, anycast addresses, and multicast addresses. Compared with IPv4, IPv6 cancels the broadcast address type and replaces it with a richer multicast address, while also adding the anycast address type.
IPv6 unicast addresses can be divided into the following three types:
1. Global unicast address
Its function is similar to the public address in IPv4, that is, it can be used and forwarded on the public Internet.
2. Site-local address
Its function is similar to the private network address in IPv4, which can only be used in the local network and cannot be forwarded on the public network.
3. Link-local address
Its format prefix is 1111 1110 10, that is, FE80::/64, and is used for communication between adjacent nodes on the same link.
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